History and Government
History
The Polynesian inhabitants of the Samoan islands had been in residence for some 2000 years before the first European colonialists became interested. After missionaries had converted many of the islanders to Christianity in the 1830s, it was the Germans and Americans who vied to take control. Ultimately, the island group was divided between the two. Contemporary Samoa comprises those islands colonised by the Germans, who formally declared a protectorate over them in 1899. During World War I, the Germans were driven out by New Zealand, which later acquired a United Nations mandate to administer the territory. Measures towards local autonomy were introduced in the 1950s, before Samoa acquired independence in 1962 (as Western Samoa, under which name it was known until 1997) – the first Pacific island state to do so. The period of rule from Auckland, typified by racism, neglect and casual brutality on the part of the New Zealanders, carries bitter memories for the Samoans. In June 2002, New Zealand premier Helen Clark formally apologised to the Samoan people for their maltreatment during that period.
Political parties in the normal sense did not feature in Samoan politics until the late 1970s when a group of Fono (national assembly) members in opposition to the Government created the Human Rights Protection Party (HRPP) which has dominated Samoan politics ever since, winning every one of the six elections held since then. Since the introduction of universal suffrage in 1991, there has always been a very high turn-out – around 90 per cent – at elections. The present government, led by Tuilaepa Sailele Malielegaoi, is not especially popular: its autocratic style, intolerance of dissent, poor economic record and the perceived lack of accountability of its members have produced frequent outbursts of civil protest. These have not been on a scale to threaten the stability of the government, which next comes before the electorate in 2006.
Government
Samoa has a 49-member legislative assembly (the Fono) which is elected by universal suffrage for a five-year term. 47 members are elected from the ranks of the 16,000 Matai (titleholders); the other two seats are reserved for non-Samoan candidates. The Fono appoints the head of state for a five-year term. Executive power rests with the cabinet, comprising the Prime Minister and eight other ministers, appointed by the head of state with the approval of the Fono.
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